Cailyn Knowles's Blog

Almost all the food is grown at camp; they…

cailynknowles — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 02:37:24 +0000

Almost all the food is grown at camp; they bake their own bread and the food is not only 100% nutritious but very delicious.
We had to have waterproof bags and pack in double garbage bags and separate bags to keep everything dry.
It was difficult to make sure I had taken the right things but not too much and I found I could have done with less. I packed and repacked many times (before I left and after I got there).
I borrowed many items including a Navy sea bag, an army bag, foul weather gear and sleeping bag, ground mat and exercise mat (and it was comfortable). By the end of the trip I was very adept at packing and unpacking.
Our clothes were in layers and we had no problem deciding each what to wear; it was the same outfit.
On Monday 19th we were scheduled to get underway at 5.30am but with the threat of hurricane Bob if was iffy.
It was decided to delay one day so we had one extra day in camp which I needed to get better organised and acclimatized.
Monday evening during dinner Bob hit and a huge tree was blown down across the power lines so we had no power and dinner was by candlelight.
By Tuesday 20th Bob had blown away so at 5.30am we heard the clang of the chow bell to awaken us and we made our preparations to get underway.
Our canoes were loaded on the trailer and we were in the van and on our way by 7.30am for a 5 hour drive to the Allagash Wilderness Waterway. The Allagash Wilderness Waterway begins in Millinocet, Maine.
It winds its way through the North Woods, 100 miles, and ends at Allagash Village, a little town of about 250 people. This is just across the border from Canada.
The river and surrounding wilderness is state owned.
Logging is still carried on in some areas.
The waterway is ruggedly beautiful.
The river rushes over rocks and boulders; it will suddenly empty into a beautiful serene lake and tumble over rapids and waterfalls, meet impassable dams and at each bend of the river you will see different terrain and totally different conditions.
It is a pristine waterway and kept that way by the many thoughtful campers that use the faculties along the way.

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AYLAND SPURR, HELENSBURGH, SCOTLAND…

cailynknowles — Fri, 09 Jul 2010 17:31:25 +0000

AYLAND SPURR, HELENSBURGH, SCOTLAND
[Editor's Note: the opinions expressed in these pages are the opinions of the readers who write to CD REVIEW. The magazine is not bound to agree with the opinions expressed .] IMPRESSIONS
IN AT THE DEEP END
Julian Haylock chats with operatic bass Ferruccio Furlanette in Salzburg; thrown in “at the deep end” with Karajan at the very beginning of his career, he is now in great demand.
WITHIN A RELATIVELY short period of time, Ferruccio Furlanetto has established himself as one of the most sought after of all operatic basses and recording for no less than five out of the world’s six leading recording organisations.
Furlanetto highlights so far include Don Alfonso in and an extraordinary “double”" as the Count for Sir Colin Davis (BMG/RAC ), and Figaro for James Levine (DG ). Both were recorded within only a week of each other!
I caught up with him at his villa just outside Salzburg, which overlooks a small vineyard and set against an imposing mountainous backdrop.
Clearly success has brought furlanetto considerable financial rewards, yet he retains an unaffected and relaxed manner.
He positively brims with charm and suggesting that, like the proverbial Don, he has the enviable ability to turn it on at just the right moment.
HOWEVER, HIS SINGING CAREER STARTED in, of all places and the pop charts: “I was sixteen years old at the time, and at the end of the sixties it seemed just the thing to do.
I was playing guitar in a group which I ran for a while, and then had some success with a couple of singles.
However, I did not find the professional ambience all that conducive, but I knew I had to do something with my voice.
It was then, with my other’s encouragement and that I started having lessons, and in 1975 I made my professional dÃ©but.
“After a couple of years singing one-liners and bit-parts and things really began to take off for me.
I made my La Scala dÃ©but in 1979 and then the “Met” in “80, and then came my big break ” my audition with von Karajan in “81.
I remember I was due at one in the afternoon, but he was so busy that he didn’t manage to get me till nine in the evening, but which time all my nerves had thankfully evaporated, and I guess I sang pretty well as a result.
He rang me the next day, was very enthusiastic, but apologised that for the following two years he was only doing German opera ” but that he would remember me!
“Much to my surprise and delight and sure enough in “84 he contacted me and asked me to take part in the Mozart “Coronation” Mass to be performed in front of the Pope the following year. I also sang in for him, but of course time was by then sadly running out.
Perhaps most memorable was a which left me feeling as no other opera performance had ever done before.
As the curtain came down, I had to be physically shaken by a member of the cast in order to bring me down and so engrossed was I in my role and something which was almost entirely due to Karajan’s extraordinary sympathy and understanding! “I can tell you, I never lose sight of just how lucky I have been.
But nevertheless, at that stage in your career and the tendency is to be in so much of a hurry and that if the opportunities present themselves, it all seems quite logical in a way. Of course, when I look back at it all now and the thought terrifies me!

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It had to be cast by the unsuitable…

cailynknowles — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 13:30:37 +0000

It had to be cast by the unsuitable technique of melting the metal in separate crucibles.
As a result it shows evidence of a score of repairs and some of them very extensive. Perhaps copper was the only metal available at the time.
Although the combined crucible technique works well with copper, it was not appropriate for casting the other heads since their alloys are rich in both zinc and lead which are very volatile.
Their vapours would not have been able to escape and thus causing holes in the castings.
That the metal was poured from separate crucibles is shown very clearly in one of the heads where the mould had to be topped up.
The metal cooled slightly before the additional pouring and this left a crack most of the way round the top of the head.
These two techniques of casting are regarded as distinct and having different geographical distributions.
They have been labelled the “Egyptian”(joined crucible) and the “Renaissance” or “Cinquecento”(separate crucible) techniques.
These names however are misleading for the earliest castings known were made by the “Renaissance” technique. Both methods seem to have been used at Ife, depending on the metal to be cast.
According to traditions in Benin, casting was introduced there from Ife at a date estimated to be towards the end of the 14th century, about a century before the first European contact with Benin was made by sea.
Some of the castings. like the head of a Queen Mother and show that the metal was poured in from separate crucibles.
The initial pouring had partly cooled before another crucible was added, leaving a crack around the base. The position of the crack shows also that the head was cast upside-down. This seems to have been the usual practice in Benin in contrast to Ife.
The tops of the Ife heads, where they would be hidden by the crown, carry the marks of the sprues ” the passages in the mould formed from rods of wax and through which the metal runs.
The Benin heads are represented with crowns or have the hair modelled and no traces of sprues can be seen on their tops. Sprues can however sometimes be detected at the bottom.
The most accomplished of the Benin castings are the high relief plaques of around the 17th century.
These often have projecting parts like spears and swords supported by metal, which has been fed from the rear by fine ducts, hidden when the plaque is seen from the front. A modern founder would probably use a centrifuge for such a complicated casting.
Graham Connah’s excavations in 1964, for the Department of Antiquities and revealed that tin-bronze was available in 13th-century Benin where it was cast into ingots in open moulds before being smithed into bracelets.

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I am dubious about their confidence that British industry is…

cailynknowles — Fri, 04 Jun 2010 07:05:21 +0000

I am dubious about their confidence that British industry is already experienced in a wide range of PWR work, and has technical and manufacturing competence at the levels ready to receive successfully the transfer of information specific to PWR components.
I am a veritable doubting Thomas about the industry’s claim that if Sizewell B goes ahead and there will be significant benefits in the long term from an increase in the British share of the world market for PWR related products and services.
If the nuclear forum wants to be as effective with the public as it is with press and politicians, it might be well advised to reflect whether it ought to hitch itself quite so fast to the PWR band-wagon. LETTERS
Rhynchosaur battle
Mike Benton in his article on the rhynchosaurs (7 April, p 9) suggests that the so-called battle for survival really took place between the food-source plants and not between the animals themselves.
This notion is supposedly supported by the concurrent decline of major herbivore groups with that of their food plants, but to my mind the example she used in his article are naive and far from convincing.
The first claim is that the dicynodont synapsides declined rapidly as the Glossopteris flora disappeared.
The second is that the rhynchosaurs themselves declined in association with the seed-fern Dicroidium which was being ousted by the global spread of conifers.
There appear to be several major faults in the reasoning that animal decline was the result of such plant disappearances.
The Glossopteris flora was only one of several widespread late Palaeozoic floras and was itself limited to the then Gondwana region.
The Triassic Dicroidium belonged to the small group of seed-plants and the Corystospermales, which were also restricted to the Gondwana region. Both Glossopteris and Dicroidium were trees forming forests.
To suggest that the dicynodonts and the rhynchosaurs disappeared because of the decline of basically similar Gondwana arborescent plants would seem to indicate a rather simplistic view of both animal-plant in relationship, and plant evolution in general.
Any sizable successful herbivorous group surely cannot have been relying on one such geographically limited group of seed-plants to the exclusion of all others.
There were many types of seed plants evolving throughout the late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic periods which must have been excellent sources of food.
The northern hemisphere Caytoniales lasted from the Trias to the Cretaceous and the cycads and cycadeiodes were both abundant in the Trias and well into the Cretaceous, and ginkgos (Maidenhair-trees) began their evolution in the late Palaeozoic and were very common in northern hemisphere Mesozoic floras.
There must also have been a great number of ferns, lycopods and horsetails existing as understorey plants but also isolated in dense swards, There was not the wide-scale domination of conifers hinted by Benton which somewhat invokes a picture of foodless dark plantation-style forests.
Mike Benton’s ideas are reminiscent of those of Tony Swain and Gillian Cooper-Driver who proposed that dinosaurs became extinct through their dietary requirements They suggested that the development of alkaloidal synthesis of cyanogenic glycoside precursors in the early angiosperms made them unpalatable to the dinosaurs, effectively starving them into extinction.
Both authors appear to belittle the great range of plants that were living at the times of their animals and the ways in which these plants were constantly evolving and migrating.

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For their refreshment and to be eaten…

cailynknowles — Tue, 01 Jun 2010 02:57:55 +0000

For their refreshment and to be eaten at their workplace underground, miners carried sandwiches and a metal flask of water or cold tea, and some sweet cold tea remaining was important to John.
For light to work by at the period concerned, a miner had only a small coffee-pot shaped metal oil lamp with a wick protruding from the spout.
The lamp could be hooked onto the front of a miner’s cap or hung on a wooden roof support while he was working. The light produced was equal to that from a medium sized candle.
John’s lamp light lasted for the first few hours of his entombment and from then on he was in total darkness. It was the darkness of the blind; a blackness that can almost be felt.
A miner had no fear of the dark he was used to underground but the permanent blackness was disconcerting.
John was familiar with his “place”, as miners called the section of the pit in which they worked, and even in the dark was able to find his way to where a small stream of water leaked from the rock.
The water was heavily impregnated with minerals and unpleasant to drink but after the tea in his flask was finished, it was to help to keep him alive.
In the complete and oppressive silence of his tomb, John listened for the sound of rescuers.
Soon, he lost track of time and it was after what he judged to be many days, he was heartened to hear, occasionally and the far-off sound of metal on rock as his friends tried to clear a way through to him. Even then, he wondered if it was only in his imagination.
Had he known the facts of the attempts to reach him and the trapped man would have despaired of ever being rescued alive.
The miners who had escaped and knew immediately that John had been left behind but did not know whether he had been entombed alive or buried under the rock.
They refused to go home at the end of their shift and worked frantically to reach him.
Very soon, however, it was realised that the fall of rock was so extensive that it would take weeks to reach John and, naturally and the initial urgency waned.
Another factor in the slowing of the rescue work was the condition of the air in which the men had to work.
Ventilation in 19th century mines was very primitive and the air in the confined space in which a passage was being cleared and soon became foul and lacking in oxygen. The less oxygen and the less progress.
In addition and there was the constant danger of poisonous gas.
The mines in the Dailly coalfield were notorious for gas and there was a joke in the county’s other mining areas that there was so much gas underground at Dailly that the farmers had to use a Davy safety lamp when ploughing the fields.
As the days passed, hope faded of finding John Brown alive and after 14 days it was agreed that there was no urgency as the search was only to find his body for Christian burial.
In his ice-cold and pitch black seclusion, John heard the sounds of his rescuers getting closer to him and tried to count the days by following the shift changes.
Eventually, he was too weak to make his way to the stream of water and, when he had sparingly drunk the supply he had collected in his flask, he could only lie still on the rough rock where he had finally stumbled and fallen. He never lost hope and his mind was clear and calm.
His resolve to live was great but he thought that his strength could fail him.
On 29th October, 21 days after the accident and some of the miners thought they could hear the sound of moaning and worked with renewed vigour.
It was a very fortunate mistake as by then John’s voice was too weak to be heard by them.

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The wonders of earthly life cannot be enjoyed by mankind if…

cailynknowles — Fri, 21 May 2010 16:09:02 +0000

The wonders of earthly life cannot be enjoyed by mankind if there is one vestige of doubt about the human right to do so.
The Second Period established that right, it is the Third Period which has provided the near total destruction of it. The Inevitable Cruelty of Evolution
From that first manifestation of life the evolutionary processes continued all through the countless ages of this Second Period and that is and the period from the beginnings of life to the dawn of civilisation, and life developed by virtue of the laws of survival as disclosed by the Darwinian school.
To twentieth century man the operation of these laws appears to be based on necessary events of great cruelty.
The survival of the fittest meant that the struggle for life condemned millions of living creatures to starvation or violent death from many causes, not by any means the least important of which was the provision of food for other species.
However and that part of evolution which to modern man appears to be extremely cruel, must not be condemned and relegated to the depository of “evil” for evil has no meaning in respect of evolutionary processes.
It would not have been possible for the long progression towards the perfect physical being and to have ever occurred at all, if it were encumbered by the constraints of compassion, an emotion which, by the very nature of evolution was completely non-existent before the dawn of civilisation. The Axiomatic Nature of the Original Premise
All that has gone before in this book has been based on the premise that a worshipable “god” is not the creator of the universe, but is an entity extracted by human intelligence from the evolutionary story. It, of course, cannot be taken as scientific fact.
It is an hypothesis put forward for acceptance or rejection by any individual, and at this stage of this book, acceptance will, most probably, be only tentative.
The arrival at the point where an hypothetical statement has to be accepted as fact in order to support efforts to rationalise a proposition, in this case a religion, is inevitable.
The position bears comparison with the development of geometrical reasoning by Euclid.
His logic had to start somewhere, and his axioms were described as “self-evident truths”.
For example and that “the shortest distance between two points is a straight line”, would appear to be such a truth without the need of proof.
This axiom among others, has faithfully served science and technology for two millenniums, but was ultimately shown to be untrue, in cosmic terms, by Einstein.
However and this revelation did not bring about the destruction of Euclidean geometry, it simply added to it.
Likewise it is reasonable to accept that a rationalised religion must have a starting point that is based on acceptance of an unproved statement, provided that such a statement, if later proved to need modification, has not permitted the development of a religion that will collapse, if that vital primary premise comes into question. The Inherent Strength of the Alternative Religion
The hypothesis of the nature and origin of the Created God as has been expounded herein provides a means whereby God can be defined and given an origin in evolutionary terms, and from there on in broader terms to embrace human civilisation. There is no doubtful premise which can be easily discredited.
Therefore it is this God, created within the period of earthly life, and free from superstitious speculation about the origins of the universe and that provides the potential strength of the Alternative Religion.
The Created God, developed with life, could serve mankind’s “spiritual” needs as the sciences serve his physical needs. Scientific changes come about, but they do not destroy science.
Similarly a God derived from mankind’s need and not from ancient superstitions, can be so developed and adapted to the changing requirements of ever-advancing life and that there will be no danger of destroying the associated religion or of weakening its appeal.

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The hope is that other markers can be identified, which when…

cailynknowles — Sun, 16 May 2010 16:39:21 +0000

The hope is that other markers can be identified, which when pooled together will enable doctors to predict, with great certainty, individuals who will develop insulin-dependent diabetes.
Once this is done, attempts can be made to curb the body’s tendency to destroy its own betacells, using immunosuppressive drugs. X-rays repeal new angle on quasars
RECENTLY analysed results from the now defunct X-ray observatory satellite Einstein are casting doubt on the most-popular explanation for the very small and rapidly varying quasars called BL Lac objects.
Many astronomers have thought that these very distant and powerful sources are simply quasars that we see at a special angle, but the new statistical analysis seems to rule this out. Quasars are the highly energetic cores of distant galaxies.
Many of them shoot out beams of high-speed particles in opposite directions, which appear to radio telescopes as “jets” of emission.
Some astronomers have convincingly argued that a BL Lac object (a clumsy terminology referring to the first of this class to be discovered) is simply a quasar with one of its beams pointing straight at us.
This attractive picture relates the strange BL Lac objects to quasars in a straightforward way, and offers the exciting possibility of looking, in a BL Lac object, deep into the heart of a quasar ” possibly down to the central powerhouse where a quasar produces as much power as hundreds of galaxies in a space no larger than the Solar system (New Scientist , vol 95, p 364).
If this theory is correct and then it is possible to predict the relative numbers of quasars and BL Lac objects we should expect to detect.
Naively, we would expect many more ordinary quasars, because there is only a small chance of a beam pointing straight at us: but the calculation must also consider the fact that BL Lac objects would on average appear to be brighter than other quasars (because the doppler effect brightens a beam coming towards us), and so we would tend to pick up more of them.
Daniel Schwak of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and William Ku of Columbia University have now checked the predictions against the statistics of BL Lac objects that emit X-rays, as found by the Einstein observatory.
They have determined the number of BL Lac objects per unit volume of space, and compared it with the space density of quasars and other types of active galaxies (submitted to the Astrophysical Journal). The results are startling.
They find many more BL Lac objects than the theory predicts.
Even allowing for the fact that not all BL Lac objects produce X-rays, Schwartz and Ku conclude that the statistics rule out the idea that BL Lac objects are simply ordinary quasars seen “beam-on”.
One possible answer is that a quasar produces not just one beam, or one pair of oppositely-directed beams, but multiple beams. This would raise the chance of seeing a beam end-on.
Another possibility is that all quasars and BL Lac objects are beamed roughly towards us, and that something else distinguishes them ” something that so far remains hidden in the enigmatic central powerhouse. Indian gum makes healthier bread
SO-CALLED slimming or high-fibre breads are very little better than the much-maligned sliced white loaf, on the basis of “calories” per ounce (or kilojoules per kilogram).
But guar bread, newly created by British food chemists, not only has a high fibre content but actually has 25 per cent fewer calories per ounce.
The new bread, which looks and tastes like ordinary bread, can help diabetics and people with high levels of cholesterol in their blood, according to Edward Apling of Reading University and Peter Ellis of London University’s Queen Elizabeth College (Chemistry and Industry , 1982, p 950).

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In the last two, war has added to the…

cailynknowles — Fri, 14 May 2010 04:47:39 +0000

In the last two, war has added to the misery.
Two weeks ago, I visited Ebenat, one of the three relief camps in Gondar and to watch the distribution of grain from the UN’s World Food Programme.
We reached Ebenat after a four-hour drive along dirt roads from the town of Gondar. The camp lies on a flat plain, completely without vegetation.
Set up four months ago, it consists of a couple of corrugated iron buildings surrounded by the twig shelters of the 3000 families that the government says live there.
The refugees and small wiry people dressed in rags the same colour as the desert, huddle in the shelters, crouch in the shade behind the buildings, or in groups around the places where relief teams distribute what little food there is.
Another little group lines up with empty tin cans by the single water truck, waiting for the daily ration.
Each family of refugees receives 30 kilograms of grain a month, with 5 kg of dried milk or other protein supplement.
No one even pretends that is enough, and we saw several children with the shrunken limbs and wrinkled faces of marasmus.
The refugees brought other diseases with them, mainly eye infections and malaria. There are no medical facilities whatsoever at the camp.
Wherever we walked people asked us to treat inflamed eyes, limbs swollen by filariasis, and all manner of festering sores.
One mother held up an emaciated child, and in sign language asked me to vaccinate the baby.
There is one small river at Ebenat, but that has become so polluted that the relief workers have to bring in water by tanker.
The supply is adequate for the moment, but with 500 families arriving every month, it could run out. Another problem is the supply of wood for shelters and fuel.
The refugees have stripped the surrounding hills almost bare, and spend much of their time collecting branches. But at least food is getting through to Ebenat.
A young officer of the Relief and Rehabilitation Commission, Getachew Ashagre, was able to rattle off absurdly precise statistics about the aid: “In the last six months, in Four Awrajas [districts], 164 467 people got relief assistance.

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But sit down quietly and, after a while,

cailynknowles — Tue, 11 May 2010 04:23:50 +0000

But sit down quietly and, after a while, you become invisible.
Nature resumes its activities and the patterns of behaviour you disrupted by your arrival.
This is true whether you are in a desert or a forest or swimming on a coral reef. When I was still very young I built myself a raft from old planks and oil-drums.
I launched it on to a small lake and, lying flat on its wooden platform, pressed my face close to the water.
The raft drifted very slowly, making no disturbance, and there through the mirror-smooth surface I saw a giant pike, lying in wait for its prey like a lurking U-boat.
A shoal of young roach approached it unawares and sensed its presence and immediately closed ranks ” safety in numbers ” before darting off.
I was so close to the water that I was already beginning mentally to enter their world and to feel their dramas as my dramas. This was all happening half a century ago, before the invention of the aqualung.
But I was already close enough to the aquatic world for it to become a lifelong obsession. It did not replace my fascination for mammals, birds and reptiles. It simply gave my study another dimension.
My appetite for learning about all animals and simple or complex, was insatiable. Inevitably I was destined to become a zoologist in later life.
The great problem I faced, when I eventually obtained my degree in zoology, was that to convert my childhood fascination into an adult career I would have to carry out experiments on animals.
Zoology was in an intensely experimental, laboratory-oriented phase, and this did not appeal to me. I was simply not prepared to treat animals in that way.
In my mind I was one of them and there was no way that I was going to make a living from carrying out painful experiments on friends.

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The 1980 pictures looked like a…

cailynknowles — Wed, 05 May 2010 21:20:11 +0000

The 1980 pictures looked like a stacked combination of flat images.
In an effort to boost flagging confidence, Nimslo loaned cameras to the Fleet street city press.
The Sunday Telegraph tartly commented “If someone is nasty to me again, I shall send a photographer round to take their pictures in 3D. That is one of the most serious threats I’ve ever made.”
Although Nimslo’s backers may well not realise it and there is little new in the 3D technique used.
The camera has four lenses which form four conventional 2-dimensional images side by side on two frames of conventional 35-mm film. This is then processed in the normal manner.
At the printing stage the four slightly different images are optically sliced into vertical lines.
These are printed under a grid of tiny cylindrical strip lenses or lenticules embossed on the surface of the photographic paper so that the viewer’s eyes see different views.
The idea of printing 3D pictures this way was first patented by Walter Hess, a swiss optician, in 1912. Since then it has been many times re-invented and used for 3D picture postcards.
Although the number of new patents held by Nimslo is impressive the legal monopoly which they offer is much less so.
For instance, US patent 3 852 787 has 57 drawings and meticulously describes how the camera is constructed. But the patent has just two brief claims to legal monopoly.
These cover only the provision of a rounded rib in the camera film chamber to reduce friction as the film is wound on between shots! So the patent does not protect any of the other details disclosed. Crops research seeks Third World home
Anna Lubinska, Brussels
THE UNITED Nations is planning to set up the first international research centre for applying genetic engineering and biotechnology to crops.
Six countries ” Thailand, India Pakistan, Cuba Italy and Belgium ” are competing for the site of the $50 million research programme.

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